The Black Death: A Timeline of the Gruesome Pandemic

• 1346- An army was infected by the plague, they catapulted their infected across enemy lines.
• May 1347- Both sides were decimated, the survivors escaped by sea one ship going to Constantinople which eventually lost 90% of its population.
• October 1347- Another ship docked in Sicily the plague killed half of the population then moved to Messina and then mainland Italy.
• November 1347- The plague spread to Marseille France and then spread throughout the entire country.
• January 1348- The plague killed 60% of the Venetian population and spread through Europe from Genoa.
• April 1348- Multiple Jewish communities are massacred, the first one being in Provence where 40 Jews were killed.
• June 1348- The plague entered England people trying to escape spread it further inland.
• Summer 1348- Jews were blamed making them targets they migrated to safe havens in Poland and Lithuania.
• October 1348- The plague reached London people left for the countryside to find food.
• February 1349- 2,000 Jews were slaughtered on Valentine's day in Strasbourg. 
• April 1349- The plague hit Wales and eventually killed 100,000 people there.
• July 1349- The plague enters Denmark and Sweden killing 2 of the king's brothers.
• March 1350- Scotland trying to attack enemies caught the plague and spread it to their country.
• 1351- the plague begins to die down but Europe had lost about 50% of its population.
• 1353- the plague was behind them leading them to the Renaissance.

The plague killed 50 million people in only a couple of years. It spread very quickly throughout many different countries. It spread so quickly because infected people trying to escape had spread it even more. It didn't help at the beginning of the plague that armies would intentionally spread it to others. It originated from fleas on rats' backs on ships. That was only half of how it spread so quickly. It started to die down when people were focused on quarinining themselves trying to slow the spread of the plague.

The Hundred Years War and the Bubonic Plague

1. When did the Great Schism begin? 

1053

2. When and how was the Great Schism resolved? 

King Phillip IV moved Pope to Avignon doing this weakened the church,

3. How did the Great Schism affect medieval life? 

People began to question the pope's power, no longer trusting the church

4. Where did the plague begin and how did it spread? 

Rats carried fleas on them on ships from Asia to Italy then they spread on trade routes. 

5. What were some economic effects of the plague? 

More and more people died which meant less workers, trade declines

6. How did the plague affect the Church?  

Many people stopped believing since prayers and penance did not stop the plague

7. What was the primary reason for the war? 

England claimed successor to France when the king didn't have an heir

8. What was the outcome of the war? 

French drove English out

9. How did the war affect medieval society? 

End of chivalry and knights and the beginning of nationalism

TERMS & NAMES  1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance. Avignon- a city in southeastern France’s Provence region, is set on the Rhône River. From 1309 to 1377, it was the seat of the Catholic popes Great Schism- is the break of communion since the 11th century between the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Churches. John Wycliffe- was an English scholastic philosopher, theologian, biblical translator, reformer, priest, and a seminary professor at the University of Oxford Jan Hus- was a Czech theologian and philosopher who became a church reformer and an inspirer of Hussitism, a key predecessor to Protestantism and a seminal figure in the Bohemian Reformation. Bubonic Plague- the most common form of plague in humans, characterized by fever, delirium, and the formation of buboes. Hundred Years' War- was a series of conflicts in Europe from 1337 to 1453, waged between the House of Plantagenet, rulers of England and the French House of Valois, over the right to rule the Kingdom of France Joan of Arc-  is considered a heroine of France for her role during the Lancastrian phase of the Hundred Years' War, and was canonized as a Roman Catholic saint.  2. Which event from the readings had the biggest economic impact on the development of Europe? Explain. I think that the bubonic plague had the biggest impact on the development of Europe. They did not have a cure for it and it was very deadly and contagious. MAIN IDEAS 3. What was the Great Schism? The break of communion since the 11th century between the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Churches 4. What were the three effects of the bubonic plague?  Town populations fell, trade declined, and prices rose 5. What impact did Joan of Arc have on the Hundred Years’ War?  Joan felt empowered by God to rescue France. Joan lead the french army into battle.

England and France Develop

1066 - The Battle of Hastings is fought.
How did this event affect the course of English history?

• William granted England to 200 norman lords
• This unified control of the land and laid the foundation for centralized government

1154 - Henry ll becomes ruler of England.
How did Henry ll strengthen England's legal system?

• Sent royal judges to London at least once a year (collected taxes, crimes, etc.)
• Also introduced the use of jury in English courts

1204 - Philip ll of France regains Normandy from the English.
How did Philip strengthen the central government in France?

• He established royal officials called bailiffs that went out from Paris to every French district to preside over the king's court and collect the king's taxes

1215 - The Magna Carta is signed by King John of England.
Why is this document so important?

• It guaranteed certain basic political rights

1226 - Louis lX becomes king of France. 
How did Louis strengthen the monarchy while weakening feudal ties?

• Created a French appeals court
• Local lords don't have authority to make decisions anymore

1295 - Model Parliament meets during reign of Edward l of England.
How was this meeting a major step toward democratic government?

• Contained commoners
• Weakened great lords and provided check on

Terms and Names
William the Conqueror- the duke of Normandy who invaded England
Henry ll- English king who married Eleanor of Aquitaine
Common Law- the unified body of law built up by judges
Magna Carta- quarantined certain basic political rights
Parliament- a legislative group
Hugh Capet- the founder of the Capetian dynasty, all French kings through Louis Philippe, and all royals since then, have belonged to the dynasty
Philip ll- took Normandy instated bailiffs to create a stronger central government
Estates General- meeting about the Pope's dispute with Philip IV

Changes in Medieval Society

Part A

1. Farmers began using a new type of harness that fitted across a horse’s chest.

Horses replaced oxen for plowing because horses can plow three times more than oxen

2. Using the three-field system, farmers began to grow crops on two-thirds of their land each year, rather than half. 

Using this increased the production of food

3. Merchant and craft guilds organize and change ways to do business.

By doing these more and better products become available

4. The Commercial Revolution changes to trade and banking practices.

Workers are paid for labor

5. As trade blossomed and farming methods improved, the population of western Europe Rose from around 30 million to about 42 million between 1000 and 1150. 

people move to the town 

6. As people left life on the manor for life in towns, they challenged the traditional ways of Feudal society in which every- one had a place-middle class

7. The authors began writing in the vernacular.

Literature was available for common people

8. Growing trade and growing cities brought a new interest in learning. 

 The university was created

9.  Christian scholars from Europe visited Muslim libraries in Spain, and Jewish scholars translated Arabic copies of Greek writings into Latin. 

Europeans acquire knowledge like science, philosophy, mathematics, and law

TERMS & NAMES  three-field system- a regime of crop rotation that was used in medieval and early-modern Europe guild- an association of artisans or merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular area. Commercial Revolution- consisted of the creation of a European economy based on trade, which began in the 11th century and lasted until it was succeeded by the Industrial Revolution in the mid-18th century. burgher- was a rank or title of a privileged citizen of medieval towns in early modern Europe vernacular- is the speech variety used in everyday life by the general population in a geographical or social territory Thomas Aquinas- as an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, Catholic priest, and Doctor of the Church scholastics- is a Medieval school of philosophy MAIN IDEAS 2. How did medieval society change between 1000 and 1500? Describe the major changes that occurred during the 500 year period. *Minimum one-paragraph response. Medieval society changed between 1000 and 1500 greatly. Major changes that occurred during the 500 year period are switch to horsepower, the three-field system, and guilds. 3. How did guilds influence business practices in medieval towns? Guilds set standards for the utility of work, wages, and working conditions.4. How were Muslim scholars linked to the revival of learning in Europe?  Christian scholars began visiting Muslim libraries in Spain. 5. In what ways did burghers expand their freedom from landlords?  They organized themselves and demanded privileges.

The Crescent and The Cross Viewing Guide

1. How long were the Crusades between Christians and Muslims fought?

200 years

2. What is the main reason that the Europeans of the 11th Century take up the cross and go on the Crusades? 
   
   
   Spirituality or Religion

3. For people of the Middle Ages what is one thing they believe threatens them in all aspects of their life?

Sin

4. 
   
   In 1088, who became the new Pope in Rome?

Urban II

5. In 1095, who sent a desperate call for help to the Pope in Rome?

Urban II

6. Besides religion, what is one other aspect of the east that draws people to join the Crusade?

Promise of great riches

7. By decree of the Pope what would someone gain if he or she took part in the Crusades?

Ticket directly to Heaven

8. What commandment does this decree now allow European knights to ignore?

6th Commandment

9. What happened to the residences of the town called Ma'arrat al-Numan?

This is where the most violent acts of the first Crusade made their legacy and commit the most evil atrocities of the Crusades.

10. How high were the walls of Jerusalem during this period in history?

30 feet

11. What happened to most of the residents of Jerusalem after the city was taken by the Christians?

Most people were forced to learn Christian religion and if they didn't they would be forced to death.

12. In what battle did Saladin defeat the Crusader army?

Battle of Puritan

13. How were the few Christian defenders of Jerusalem able to get Saladin to agree to spare the lives of the Christians in the city?

Christians defenders realized defeat was imminent they petitioned Saladin to spare the inhabitants of the city. Christians promised to destroy every Islamic Holy in Jersualem and the Muslims threatened to enslave most of the Christians. Saladin eventually acceded to a demand for clemency to the local population.

14. What was the importance of the Crusader fleet during the Third Crusade?

Saladin was the first to untie the Muslims against the Crusaders and would be known for his victory at Jerusalem. Saladin would be forced to surrender in Siege of Arce, leading to the end of his conquests and the beginning of the re-conquests of the Christians in the future Crusades except for Jerusalem.

15. Why did Richard the Lion-Hearted turn his troops around when he had been so close to the Holy city of Jerusalem?

He knew he wouldn't be able to defeat Saladin.

16. What were the terms of the peace treaty between Richard the Lion-Hearted and Saladin at the end of the Third Crusade?

Under the terms of the agreement, Jerusalem would remain under Islamic control. However, the city would be open to Christian pilgrimages.

17. Over 200 years of fighting, how many successful Crusades were there?
    1

The Power of The Church and The Crusades

1. The Benedictine monastery was founded at Cluny.

 Return to the basic principles of Christianity.

2. The power of the pope was extended

The church had its own court, tax system, and diplomats.

3. Nearly 500 Gothic cathedrals were built and decorated between 1170 and 1270.

Cathedrals represented the city of god

4. The Byzantine emperor appealed to the Count of Flanders for help.

The Muslims were threatening to conquer the capital of Constantinople.

5. Pope Urban II issued a call for a Crusade.

The goal of his military expedition was to cover Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslims Turks.

6. There was an outpouring of support for the First Crusade.

 Kings and the Church saw the Crusades as an opportunity to get rid of quarrelsome  Knights who fought each other and who threatened the peace of the kingdom as well as Church property.

7. Four feudal Crusader states were formed, each ruled by a European noble.

The states were carved out of the land the Crusaders won 

8. Jerusalem remained under Muslim control, though unarmed Christian pilgrims could visit the city's holy places.  

Saladin and Richard the Lion-hearted agreed to a truce in 1192.

9. In Spain, Isabella, and Ferdinand used the Inquisition to suppress heretics.

Isabella and Ferdinand wanted to unify Spain under Christianity and to consolidate their own power.

10. European kings strengthened their own power as a result of the Crusades. 

Thousands of knights lost their lives and their fortunes in the Crusades.

TERMS & NAMES 

simony- the buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, for example, pardons or benefices.

Gothic- relating to the Goths or their extinct East Germanic language, which provides the earliest manuscript evidence of any Germanic language (4th–6th centuries AD).

Urban II- was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 12 March 1088 to his death

Crusade- were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period

Saladin- was the first sultan of Egypt and Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty

Richard the Lion-Hearted- was King of England from 1189 until his death

Reconquista- was the period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula of about 780 years between the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711 and the fall of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada to the expanding Christian kingdoms in 1492

Inquisition- in historical ecclesiastical parlance also referred to as the "Holy Inquisition", was a group of institutions within the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy. The Inquisition started in 12th-century France to combat religious dissent, in particular, the Cathars and the Waldensians.

2. Which of the events of the Age of Faith do you think was most important to the Church? Explain.

I think that the most important event was when Pope Urban II issued a call for a crusade that was the most important to the church. 

MAIN IDEAS

3. What were the three main causes of the need to reform the Church? 

village priests married and had families, bishops sold positions in the church using lay investiture, and kings appointed church bishops.

4. Which Crusade was the only successful one? 

The first crusade 

5. How did the goals of the Crusades change over the years? 

It went from having religious goals to personal and economic gain