The Northern Renaissance

1. What factors led to the beginning of the Renaissance in northern Europe? 

Urban merchants became wealthy enough to sponsor artists.

2. How did the invention of the printing press help spread learning and Renaissance ideas? 

It increased literacy in Europe

3. Albrecht Dürer

German artist famous for realistic woodcuts and engravings. 

4. Jan van Eyck- 

Flemish painter pioneered oil-based painting

5. Pieter Bruegel the Elder-  

a painter and printmaker from Brabant, known for his landscapes and peasant scenes

6. Desiderius Erasmus- 

a Dutch philosopher and Christian scholar 

7. Thomas More- 

was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman, and noted Renaissance humanist

8. William Shakespeare- 

was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's greatest dramatist

TERMS & NAMES 

Utopia- is an imagined community or society that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect qualities for its citizens

William Shakespeare- was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's greatest dramatist

Johann Gutenberg- was a German goldsmith, inventor, printer, and publisher who introduced printing to Europe with the printing press

2. Which of the events listed in the readings relating to the Northern Renaissance do you think was most important? Explain.

I think that the printing press was the most important in the Northern Renaissance because it allowed people to spread news easily and expand the movement. 

MAIN IDEAS

3. How did Albrecht Dürer’s work reflect the influence of the Italian Renaissance?
He was the only artist who drew things as they really were and he drew living things.

4. What was one way the Renaissance changed society? 

The art during the Renaissance changed society because it influenced many people and allowed creativity for all to see.

5. Why was the invention of the printing press so important?  

It made information inexpensive, more books led to more people gaining knowledge and literacy. 

The Renaissance Begins

1. How did humanism influence the growth of learning?
Humanists influenced artists to carry on classical traditions and popularized the studies common to classical education.

2. How did ideas about piety and a simple life change?
although people remained devoutly catholic, the spirit of society was secular. Church leaders and the wealthy believed they could enjoy life without offending God.

3. What role did patrons of the arts play in the development of Renaissance ideas?
They spent money to help artists and architects create works of genius.

4. What effects did the emphasis on individuals have on painters and sculptors? They painted portraits of prominent citizens, showing what was distinctive about each; they glorified the human body in natural postures; they developed perspective to enhance realism.

5. How did writers reflect Renaissance values in their work?
They wrote in the vernacular; they wrote either for self-expression or to portray the individuality of their subjects.

6. How did the writing of Petrarch, Boccaccio, and Machiavelli demonstrate the values of humanism?
Petrarch wrote sonnets about Laura, an ideal woman; Boccaccio wrote about the follies of his characters in the Decameron, and machiavelli wrote about the imperfect conduct of humans in the prince.

Terms and Names:
renaissance- the rebirth of art and learning the began in northern Italy around 1300.
humanism- an outlook focusing on human potential and achievements.
secular- worldly rather than spiritual and concerned with here and now.
patron- people who financially support the arts.
perspective- an artistic technique that indicates three dimensions.
vernacular- the native language, rather than classical latin.

The Black Death: A Timeline of the Gruesome Pandemic

• 1346- An army was infected by the plague, they catapulted their infected across enemy lines.
• May 1347- Both sides were decimated, the survivors escaped by sea one ship going to Constantinople which eventually lost 90% of its population.
• October 1347- Another ship docked in Sicily the plague killed half of the population then moved to Messina and then mainland Italy.
• November 1347- The plague spread to Marseille France and then spread throughout the entire country.
• January 1348- The plague killed 60% of the Venetian population and spread through Europe from Genoa.
• April 1348- Multiple Jewish communities are massacred, the first one being in Provence where 40 Jews were killed.
• June 1348- The plague entered England people trying to escape spread it further inland.
• Summer 1348- Jews were blamed making them targets they migrated to safe havens in Poland and Lithuania.
• October 1348- The plague reached London people left for the countryside to find food.
• February 1349- 2,000 Jews were slaughtered on Valentine's day in Strasbourg. 
• April 1349- The plague hit Wales and eventually killed 100,000 people there.
• July 1349- The plague enters Denmark and Sweden killing 2 of the king's brothers.
• March 1350- Scotland trying to attack enemies caught the plague and spread it to their country.
• 1351- the plague begins to die down but Europe had lost about 50% of its population.
• 1353- the plague was behind them leading them to the Renaissance.

The plague killed 50 million people in only a couple of years. It spread very quickly throughout many different countries. It spread so quickly because infected people trying to escape had spread it even more. It didn't help at the beginning of the plague that armies would intentionally spread it to others. It originated from fleas on rats' backs on ships. That was only half of how it spread so quickly. It started to die down when people were focused on quarinining themselves trying to slow the spread of the plague.

The Hundred Years War and the Bubonic Plague

1. When did the Great Schism begin? 

1053

2. When and how was the Great Schism resolved? 

King Phillip IV moved Pope to Avignon doing this weakened the church,

3. How did the Great Schism affect medieval life? 

People began to question the pope's power, no longer trusting the church

4. Where did the plague begin and how did it spread? 

Rats carried fleas on them on ships from Asia to Italy then they spread on trade routes. 

5. What were some economic effects of the plague? 

More and more people died which meant less workers, trade declines

6. How did the plague affect the Church?  

Many people stopped believing since prayers and penance did not stop the plague

7. What was the primary reason for the war? 

England claimed successor to France when the king didn't have an heir

8. What was the outcome of the war? 

French drove English out

9. How did the war affect medieval society? 

End of chivalry and knights and the beginning of nationalism

TERMS & NAMES  1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance. Avignon- a city in southeastern France’s Provence region, is set on the Rhône River. From 1309 to 1377, it was the seat of the Catholic popes Great Schism- is the break of communion since the 11th century between the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Churches. John Wycliffe- was an English scholastic philosopher, theologian, biblical translator, reformer, priest, and a seminary professor at the University of Oxford Jan Hus- was a Czech theologian and philosopher who became a church reformer and an inspirer of Hussitism, a key predecessor to Protestantism and a seminal figure in the Bohemian Reformation. Bubonic Plague- the most common form of plague in humans, characterized by fever, delirium, and the formation of buboes. Hundred Years' War- was a series of conflicts in Europe from 1337 to 1453, waged between the House of Plantagenet, rulers of England and the French House of Valois, over the right to rule the Kingdom of France Joan of Arc-  is considered a heroine of France for her role during the Lancastrian phase of the Hundred Years' War, and was canonized as a Roman Catholic saint.  2. Which event from the readings had the biggest economic impact on the development of Europe? Explain. I think that the bubonic plague had the biggest impact on the development of Europe. They did not have a cure for it and it was very deadly and contagious. MAIN IDEAS 3. What was the Great Schism? The break of communion since the 11th century between the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Churches 4. What were the three effects of the bubonic plague?  Town populations fell, trade declined, and prices rose 5. What impact did Joan of Arc have on the Hundred Years’ War?  Joan felt empowered by God to rescue France. Joan lead the french army into battle.

England and France Develop

1066 - The Battle of Hastings is fought.
How did this event affect the course of English history?

• William granted England to 200 norman lords
• This unified control of the land and laid the foundation for centralized government

1154 - Henry ll becomes ruler of England.
How did Henry ll strengthen England's legal system?

• Sent royal judges to London at least once a year (collected taxes, crimes, etc.)
• Also introduced the use of jury in English courts

1204 - Philip ll of France regains Normandy from the English.
How did Philip strengthen the central government in France?

• He established royal officials called bailiffs that went out from Paris to every French district to preside over the king's court and collect the king's taxes

1215 - The Magna Carta is signed by King John of England.
Why is this document so important?

• It guaranteed certain basic political rights

1226 - Louis lX becomes king of France. 
How did Louis strengthen the monarchy while weakening feudal ties?

• Created a French appeals court
• Local lords don't have authority to make decisions anymore

1295 - Model Parliament meets during reign of Edward l of England.
How was this meeting a major step toward democratic government?

• Contained commoners
• Weakened great lords and provided check on

Terms and Names
William the Conqueror- the duke of Normandy who invaded England
Henry ll- English king who married Eleanor of Aquitaine
Common Law- the unified body of law built up by judges
Magna Carta- quarantined certain basic political rights
Parliament- a legislative group
Hugh Capet- the founder of the Capetian dynasty, all French kings through Louis Philippe, and all royals since then, have belonged to the dynasty
Philip ll- took Normandy instated bailiffs to create a stronger central government
Estates General- meeting about the Pope's dispute with Philip IV

Changes in Medieval Society

Part A

1. Farmers began using a new type of harness that fitted across a horse’s chest.

Horses replaced oxen for plowing because horses can plow three times more than oxen

2. Using the three-field system, farmers began to grow crops on two-thirds of their land each year, rather than half. 

Using this increased the production of food

3. Merchant and craft guilds organize and change ways to do business.

By doing these more and better products become available

4. The Commercial Revolution changes to trade and banking practices.

Workers are paid for labor

5. As trade blossomed and farming methods improved, the population of western Europe Rose from around 30 million to about 42 million between 1000 and 1150. 

people move to the town 

6. As people left life on the manor for life in towns, they challenged the traditional ways of Feudal society in which every- one had a place-middle class

7. The authors began writing in the vernacular.

Literature was available for common people

8. Growing trade and growing cities brought a new interest in learning. 

 The university was created

9.  Christian scholars from Europe visited Muslim libraries in Spain, and Jewish scholars translated Arabic copies of Greek writings into Latin. 

Europeans acquire knowledge like science, philosophy, mathematics, and law

TERMS & NAMES  three-field system- a regime of crop rotation that was used in medieval and early-modern Europe guild- an association of artisans or merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular area. Commercial Revolution- consisted of the creation of a European economy based on trade, which began in the 11th century and lasted until it was succeeded by the Industrial Revolution in the mid-18th century. burgher- was a rank or title of a privileged citizen of medieval towns in early modern Europe vernacular- is the speech variety used in everyday life by the general population in a geographical or social territory Thomas Aquinas- as an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, Catholic priest, and Doctor of the Church scholastics- is a Medieval school of philosophy MAIN IDEAS 2. How did medieval society change between 1000 and 1500? Describe the major changes that occurred during the 500 year period. *Minimum one-paragraph response. Medieval society changed between 1000 and 1500 greatly. Major changes that occurred during the 500 year period are switch to horsepower, the three-field system, and guilds. 3. How did guilds influence business practices in medieval towns? Guilds set standards for the utility of work, wages, and working conditions.4. How were Muslim scholars linked to the revival of learning in Europe?  Christian scholars began visiting Muslim libraries in Spain. 5. In what ways did burghers expand their freedom from landlords?  They organized themselves and demanded privileges.